Merge pull request #23 from avalon-vanguard/star-map/perf/routing-worker

Plot routes and build the jump-link graph in a Web Worker

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_016jxMkwA2rbicdGxHosecYi

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -37,14 +37,19 @@ jobs:
       # different dependency tree than the one committed.
       - run: npm ci
 
-      # Four TypeScript projects, checked by four different things. These two have no build of
+      # Five TypeScript projects, checked by four different things. These three have no build of
-      # their own, so nothing else would ever compile them.
+      # their own that checks them, so nothing else would ever compile them. The worker is bundled by
+      # the build, but esbuild only strips its types, and `tsconfig.app.json` leaves it out, since
+      # its lib is `webworker` rather than `dom`.
       - name: Typecheck the ETL
         run: npm run etl:typecheck
 
       - name: Typecheck the end-to-end tests
         run: npm run e2e:typecheck
 
+      - name: Typecheck the routing worker
+        run: npm run worker:typecheck
+
       # `tsconfig.spec.json` is compiled here, `tsconfig.app.json` by the build below.
       - name: Unit tests
         run: npm test -- --no-watch

package.json

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
     "etl": "tsx tools/etl/build.ts",
     "etl:typecheck": "tsc -p tools/etl/tsconfig.json --noEmit",
     "e2e": "playwright test",
-    "e2e:typecheck": "tsc -p e2e/tsconfig.json --noEmit"
+    "e2e:typecheck": "tsc -p e2e/tsconfig.json --noEmit",
+    "worker:typecheck": "tsc -p tsconfig.worker.json --noEmit"
   },
   "private": true,
   "packageManager": "npm@11.12.1",

src/app/features/galaxy-system/galaxy-system-scene.component.spec.ts

@@ -266,6 +266,51 @@ describe('GalaxySystemSceneComponent camera-flight transitions', () => {
     refocus.mockRestore();
   });
 
+  it('shows the answer to the latest route asked for, whatever order the answers arrive in', async () => {
+    type Answer = { route: { stars: number[]; totalPc: number; longestHopPc: number } | null; neededRangePc: number | null };
+    const answers: Array<(answer: Answer) => void> = [];
+    const component = fixture.componentInstance as unknown as {
+      routing: { route(): Promise<Answer>; links(): Promise<Float32Array>; dispose(): void };
+      routePending(): boolean;
+      routeResult(): { stars: { id: number }[] } | null;
+      onRouteRequested(request: { fromId: number; toId: number; rangePc: number }): void;
+    };
+    component.routing = {
+      route: () => new Promise<Answer>((resolve) => answers.push(resolve)),
+      links: () => Promise.resolve(new Float32Array(0)),
+      dispose: () => undefined
+    };
+
+    component.onRouteRequested({ fromId: SUN.id, toId: ALPHA_CENTAURI.id, rangePc: 2 });
+    component.onRouteRequested({ fromId: SUN.id, toId: PROXIMA.id, rangePc: 2 });
+    expect(component.routePending()).toBe(true);
+
+    answers[1]({ route: { stars: [SUN.id, PROXIMA.id], totalPc: 1.3, longestHopPc: 1.3 }, neededRangePc: null });
+    await flushAsync();
+    answers[0]({ route: { stars: [SUN.id, ALPHA_CENTAURI.id], totalPc: 1.34, longestHopPc: 1.34 }, neededRangePc: null });
+    await flushAsync();
+
+    expect(component.routeResult()?.stars.map((star) => star.id)).toEqual([SUN.id, PROXIMA.id]);
+    expect(component.routePending()).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('releases the routes panel when a route cannot be worked out, so it can be tried again', async () => {
+    const component = fixture.componentInstance as unknown as {
+      routing: { route(): Promise<never>; links(): Promise<Float32Array>; dispose(): void };
+      routePending(): boolean;
+      onRouteRequested(request: { fromId: number; toId: number; rangePc: number }): void;
+    };
+    const logged = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined);
+    component.routing = { route: () => Promise.reject(new Error('worker gone')), links: () => Promise.resolve(new Float32Array(0)), dispose: () => undefined };
+
+    component.onRouteRequested({ fromId: SUN.id, toId: PROXIMA.id, rangePc: 2 });
+    await flushAsync();
+
+    expect(component.routePending()).toBe(false);
+    expect(logged).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    logged.mockRestore();
+  });
+
   it('asks for no more label candidates once the last label it will show is placed', () => {
     // Near the Sun a label candidate past the fifteenth can sit at the far end of the catalogue's
     // brightness order, so asking for one more than is used can cost a walk of the whole order.

src/app/features/galaxy-system/galaxy-system-scene.component.ts

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ import { RouteRequest, RouteResult, RouteStarOption } from '../hud/routes-panel.
 import { buildSearchIndex, IndexedSearchEntry, rankSearchResults } from '../search/search-ranking';
 import { StarmapHudComponent } from './starmap-hud.component';
 import { SystemObjectCardComponent } from './system-object-card.component';
+import { RoutingClient } from './routing-client';
 import { colorIndexToRgb, FOCUS_RADIUS_PC, StarFieldRenderer, starRenderBudgetFromUrl } from './star-field-renderer';
-import { collectJumpLinks, minimumRangeBetween, routeBetween } from '../../shared/astro/jump-links';
 import { BrightnessIndex, brightestWithin, brightnessIndex } from '../../shared/astro/brightest';
 import { StarNeighbourhood } from '../../shared/astro/star-neighbourhood';
 import { MAX_JUMP_RANGE_PC } from '../hud/routes-panel.component';
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@ function galacticOverviewPose(): { position: THREE.Vector3; target: THREE.Vector
         [display]="display()"
         [routing]="true"
         [routeResult]="routeResult()"
+        [routePending]="routePending()"
         [routeOptions]="routeOptions()"
         [currentStar]="currentStarOption()"
         [keepableStarId]="navigationStore.selectedStarId()"
@@ -325,10 +326,16 @@ export class GalaxySystemSceneComponent implements AfterViewInit, OnDestroy {
   private hostRings?: HostStarRings;
   /** Proximity over the whole catalogue, built once; the neighbour labels are one query on it. */
   private neighbourhood?: StarNeighbourhood;
+  /** Routes and the jump-link graph, worked out off the main thread. See `RoutingClient`. */
+  private routing?: RoutingClient;
+  /** Which route request is the latest, so an answer to an earlier one is not shown over it. */
+  private routeRequest = 0;
   private jumpLinks?: JumpLinkRenderer;
   /** How far a single crossing may be. Drives both the drawn graph and the route walked on it. */
   readonly jumpRangePc = signal(3);
   readonly routeResult = signal<RouteResult | null>(null);
+  /** A route has been asked for and not yet answered. */
+  readonly routePending = signal(false);
   /**
    * Matches for whichever routing field is being typed into. Stars only: a route is a chain of
    * stars, and offering a moon as a destination would be offering a place that leads nowhere.
@@ -438,6 +445,7 @@ export class GalaxySystemSceneComponent implements AfterViewInit, OnDestroy {
     this.starField?.dispose();
     this.hostRings?.dispose();
     this.jumpLinks?.dispose();
+    this.routing?.dispose();
     clearTimeout(this.jumpLinkRebuild);
     this.deepSky?.dispose();
     this.milkyWay?.dispose();
@@ -530,6 +538,7 @@ export class GalaxySystemSceneComponent implements AfterViewInit, OnDestroy {
     this.stars = stars;
     this.starsById = new Map(stars.map((star) => [star.id, star]));
     this.neighbourhood = new StarNeighbourhood(stars);
+    this.routing = new RoutingClient(stars, positions, this.neighbourhood);
     this.starsByBrightness = brightnessIndex(stars);
     this.starSearchIndex.set(
       buildSearchIndex(stars.map((star) => ({ kind: 'star' as const, name: star.name, subtitle: star.spectralType, starId: star.id })))
@@ -1404,44 +1413,56 @@ export class GalaxySystemSceneComponent implements AfterViewInit, OnDestroy {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Walks the graph, and where it cannot, says what range would. The search is lazy — it asks
+   * Walks the graph, and where it cannot, says what range would. Both run in a worker: a route
-   * the index for a star's neighbours as it reaches that star — so plotting one route never
+   * to a star 236 pc away, or the range one would need, can take seconds, and on this thread the
-   * costs a pass over the catalogue.
+   * map would stop for as long. Only the latest request is shown; an earlier one still running
+   * when a new one is made is answered into the void.
    */
   onRouteRequested({ fromId, toId, rangePc }: RouteRequest): void {
-    if (!this.neighbourhood) {
+    if (!this.routing) {
       return;
     }
-    const route = routeBetween(this.neighbourhood, fromId, toId, rangePc);
+    const request = ++this.routeRequest;
-    if (route) {
+    this.routePending.set(true);
-      this.routeResult.set({
+    void this.routing.route(fromId, toId, rangePc, ROUTE_RANGE_CEILING_PC).then(
-        stars: route.stars.map((id) => ({ id, name: this.starsById.get(id)?.name ?? `Star ${id}` })),
+      ({ route, neededRangePc }) => {
-        totalPc: route.totalPc,
+        if (request !== this.routeRequest) {
-        neededRangePc: null
-      });
-      this.jumpLinks?.setRoute(route.stars, (id) => this.starsById.get(id));
           return;
         }
+        this.routePending.set(false);
         this.routeResult.set({
-      stars: [],
+          stars: route ? route.stars.map((id) => ({ id, name: this.starsById.get(id)?.name ?? `Star ${id}` })) : [],
-      totalPc: 0,
+          totalPc: route?.totalPc ?? 0,
-      neededRangePc: minimumRangeBetween(this.neighbourhood, fromId, toId, ROUTE_RANGE_CEILING_PC)
+          neededRangePc
         });
-    this.jumpLinks?.setRoute([], () => undefined);
+        this.jumpLinks?.setRoute(route?.stars ?? [], (id) => this.starsById.get(id));
+      },
+      (error: unknown) => {
+        // A request replaced by a newer one is settled this way too; only the latest matters.
+        if (request !== this.routeRequest) {
+          return;
+        }
+        // Released rather than left saying "Plotting…" with the button held, so it can be tried again.
+        this.routePending.set(false);
+        console.error('Route could not be plotted.', error);
+      }
+    );
   }
 
   /**
-   * Rebuilds the drawn graph, which is the expensive half: every star's neighbours, once. Only
+   * Rebuilds the drawn graph, which is the expensive half: every star's neighbours, once, and 3.7
-   * when the layer is on and the range has actually moved — the control emits per pixel dragged.
+   * million links at 8 pc, so it is built in the worker. Only when the layer is on and the range
+   * has actually moved — the control emits per pixel dragged — and only the graph for the range
+   * last asked for is drawn, in whatever order the answers arrive.
    */
   private refreshJumpLinks(): void {
-    if (!this.jumpLinks || !this.neighbourhood) {
+    if (!this.jumpLinks || !this.routing) {
       return;
     }
     const rangePc = this.jumpRangePc();
     if (!this.display().jumpLinks) {
       if (this.drawnJumpRangePc !== null) {
-        this.jumpLinks.setLinks([], () => undefined);
+        this.jumpLinks.setSegments(new Float32Array(0));
         this.drawnJumpRangePc = null;
       }
       return;
@@ -1450,8 +1471,20 @@ export class GalaxySystemSceneComponent implements AfterViewInit, OnDestroy {
       return;
     }
     this.drawnJumpRangePc = rangePc;
-    const links = collectJumpLinks(this.neighbourhood, rangePc);
+    void this.routing.links(rangePc).then(
-    this.jumpLinks.setLinks(links, (id) => this.starsById.get(id));
+      (segments) => {
+        if (this.drawnJumpRangePc === rangePc) {
+          this.jumpLinks?.setSegments(segments);
+        }
+      },
+      () => {
+        // Replaced by a newer range, or failed. Either way this range is not drawn, and must not be
+        // remembered as if it were, or asking for it again would be skipped.
+        if (this.drawnJumpRangePc === rangePc) {
+          this.drawnJumpRangePc = null;
+        }
+      }
+    );
   }
 
   /** A pinned body wins over a hovered one, so the card does not change under the pointer. */

src/app/features/galaxy-system/jump-link-renderer.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 import * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';
 
-import { JumpLink } from '../../shared/astro/jump-links';
-
 /** Faint, because there are tens of thousands of them and none is worth reading on its own. */
 const LINK_OPACITY = 0.16;
 /** The one route is the figure; the graph it is drawn on is the ground. */
@@ -48,23 +46,13 @@ export class JumpLinkRenderer {
     this.links.frustumCulled = false;
     this.route.frustumCulled = false;
     this.object.add(this.links, this.route);
-    this.setLinks([], () => undefined);
+    this.setSegments(new Float32Array(0));
     this.setRoute([], () => undefined);
   }
 
-  setLinks(links: readonly JumpLink[], positionOf: (starId: number) => LinkPoint | undefined): void {
+  /** The graph, as vertex pairs: six floats a link, one end then the other. See `jumpLinkSegments`. */
-    const vertices = new Float32Array(links.length * 6);
+  setSegments(vertices: Float32Array): void {
-    let at = 0;
+    this.replaceGeometry(this.links, vertices);
-    for (const link of links) {
-      const from = positionOf(link.from);
-      const to = positionOf(link.to);
-      if (!from || !to) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      vertices.set([from.x, from.y, from.z, to.x, to.y, to.z], at);
-      at += 6;
-    }
-    this.replaceGeometry(this.links, at === vertices.length ? vertices : vertices.subarray(0, at));
   }
 
   /** The chain to draw over the graph, departure first. Fewer than two stars draws nothing. */

src/app/features/galaxy-system/routing-client.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+import { jumpLinkSegments, routeBetween } from '../../shared/astro/jump-links';
+import { RoutingRequest, RoutingResponse } from '../../shared/astro/routing';
+import { StarNeighbourhood } from '../../shared/astro/star-neighbourhood';
+import { StarRecord } from '../../shared/models/star.model';
+import { RoutingClient, SupersededRequest } from './routing-client';
+
+const STARS: StarRecord[] = Array.from({ length: 6 }, (_, i) => ({
+  id: 100 + i,
+  name: `star-${i}`,
+  x: i < 5 ? i : 9,
+  y: 0,
+  z: 0,
+  magnitude: 5,
+  spectralType: 'G2V',
+  colorIndex: 0.6
+}));
+const POSITIONS = Float32Array.from(STARS.flatMap((star) => [star.x, star.y, star.z]));
+const index = new StarNeighbourhood(STARS);
+
+/** Flushes settled promises and their handlers. */
+const flush = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+
+/** A worker that records what it is sent and answers only when told to. */
+class FakeWorker {
+  readonly sent: Array<RoutingRequest | { kind: 'catalogue' }> = [];
+  private readonly listeners: Record<string, Array<(event: { data?: unknown }) => void>> = {};
+  terminated = false;
+
+  postMessage(message: RoutingRequest | { kind: 'catalogue' }): void {
+    this.sent.push(message);
+  }
+
+  addEventListener(type: string, listener: (event: { data?: unknown }) => void): void {
+    (this.listeners[type] ??= []).push(listener);
+  }
+
+  terminate(): void {
+    this.terminated = true;
+  }
+
+  /** The requests sent so far, catalogue aside. */
+  get requests(): RoutingRequest[] {
+    return this.sent.filter((message): message is RoutingRequest => message.kind !== 'catalogue');
+  }
+
+  answer(response: RoutingResponse): void {
+    for (const listener of this.listeners['message'] ?? []) listener({ data: response });
+  }
+
+  fail(): void {
+    for (const listener of this.listeners['error'] ?? []) listener({});
+  }
+}
+
+function clientWithFake(): { client: RoutingClient; worker: FakeWorker } {
+  const worker = new FakeWorker();
+  const client = new RoutingClient(STARS, POSITIONS, index, () => worker as unknown as Worker);
+  return { client, worker };
+}
+
+// The unit tests' DOM has no Worker, which is exactly the case the client answers in place.
+describe('RoutingClient without a worker', () => {
+  it('has no Worker to use here, so the in-place answers are what is being tested', () => {
+    expect(typeof Worker).toBe('undefined');
+  });
+
+  it('answers a route from the index it was given', async () => {
+    const client = new RoutingClient(STARS, POSITIONS, index);
+
+    await expect(client.route(100, 104, 1.5, 8)).resolves.toEqual({ route: routeBetween(index, 100, 104, 1.5), neededRangePc: null });
+    client.dispose();
+  });
+
+  it('answers a refused route with the range that would open it', async () => {
+    const client = new RoutingClient(STARS, POSITIONS, index);
+
+    const answer = await client.route(100, 105, 1.5, 8);
+
+    expect(answer.route).toBeNull();
+    expect(answer.neededRangePc).toBeCloseTo(5, 1);
+    client.dispose();
+  });
+
+  it('answers the graph as segments', async () => {
+    const client = new RoutingClient(STARS, POSITIONS, index);
+
+    expect(Array.from(await client.links(1.5))).toEqual(Array.from(jumpLinkSegments(index, 1.5)));
+    client.dispose();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('RoutingClient with a worker', () => {
+  it('sends the catalogue first, then one request at a time', () => {
+    const { client, worker } = clientWithFake();
+
+    void client.links(8);
+    void client.links(3);
+
+    expect(worker.sent[0].kind).toBe('catalogue');
+    expect(worker.requests).toHaveLength(1);
+    client.dispose();
+  });
+
+  // A graph at 8 pc is seconds of work the worker cannot drop once started. Every pause on the
+  // range slider used to queue another, and a route asked for after them waited behind them all.
+  it('replaces a waiting graph with the newer one before it is ever built, and sends a route ahead of it', async () => {
+    const { client, worker } = clientWithFake();
+    const first = client.links(5);
+    const superseded = client.links(6).catch((error: unknown) => error);
+    const latest = client.links(8);
+    const route = client.route(100, 104, 1.5, 8);
+
+    const building = worker.requests[0];
+    worker.answer({ kind: 'links', requestId: building.requestId, segments: new Float32Array(6) });
+    await flush();
+
+    expect(await superseded).toBeInstanceOf(SupersededRequest);
+    expect(worker.requests.map((request) => request.kind)).toEqual(['links', 'route']);
+    await expect(first).resolves.toHaveLength(6);
+
+    const routeRequest = worker.requests[1];
+    worker.answer({ kind: 'route', requestId: routeRequest.requestId, route: null, neededRangePc: 4 });
+    await expect(route).resolves.toEqual({ route: null, neededRangePc: 4 });
+    await flush();
+
+    expect(worker.requests.map((request) => (request.kind === 'links' ? request.rangePc : request.kind))).toEqual([5, 'route', 8]);
+    const lastGraph = worker.requests[2];
+    worker.answer({ kind: 'links', requestId: lastGraph.requestId, segments: new Float32Array(12) });
+    await expect(latest).resolves.toHaveLength(12);
+    client.dispose();
+  });
+
+  it('shares the answer to a question already on its way rather than asking it twice', async () => {
+    const { client, worker } = clientWithFake();
+    const once = client.links(7.5);
+    const again = client.links(7.5);
+
+    expect(worker.requests).toHaveLength(1);
+    worker.answer({ kind: 'links', requestId: worker.requests[0].requestId, segments: new Float32Array(6) });
+
+    expect(await again).toBe(await once);
+    expect(worker.requests).toHaveLength(1);
+    client.dispose();
+  });
+
+  it('rejects a request the worker failed on, and goes on to the next', async () => {
+    const { client, worker } = clientWithFake();
+    const failing = client.route(100, 104, 1.5, 8).catch((error: unknown) => error);
+    const next = client.links(3);
+
+    worker.answer({ kind: 'failed', requestId: worker.requests[0].requestId, message: 'out of memory' });
+
+    expect(((await failing) as Error).message).toBe('out of memory');
+    await flush();
+    expect(worker.requests.map((request) => request.kind)).toEqual(['route', 'links']);
+    worker.answer({ kind: 'links', requestId: worker.requests[1].requestId, segments: new Float32Array(0) });
+    await expect(next).resolves.toHaveLength(0);
+    client.dispose();
+  });
+
+  it('answers in place what a worker that failed to load left outstanding, and everything after', async () => {
+    const { client, worker } = clientWithFake();
+    const route = client.route(100, 104, 1.5, 8);
+    const graph = client.links(1.5);
+
+    worker.fail();
+
+    await expect(route).resolves.toEqual({ route: routeBetween(index, 100, 104, 1.5), neededRangePc: null });
+    expect(Array.from(await graph)).toEqual(Array.from(jumpLinkSegments(index, 1.5)));
+    await expect(client.route(100, 105, 1.5, 8)).resolves.toMatchObject({ route: null });
+    expect(worker.terminated).toBe(true);
+    client.dispose();
+  });
+});

src/app/features/galaxy-system/routing-client.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+import { answerRouting, RoutingRequest, RoutingResponse } from '../../shared/astro/routing';
+import { Route } from '../../shared/astro/jump-links';
+import { StarNeighbourhood } from '../../shared/astro/star-neighbourhood';
+import { StarRecord } from '../../shared/models/star.model';
+
+export interface RouteAnswer {
+  readonly route: Route | null;
+  readonly neededRangePc: number | null;
+}
+
+/** A request dropped before it was sent, because a newer one of the same kind replaced it. */
+export class SupersededRequest extends Error {
+  constructor() {
+    super('Superseded by a newer request');
+  }
+}
+
+/** A request made and not yet answered: what was asked, and the promise whoever asked is holding. */
+interface Outstanding {
+  readonly request: RoutingRequest;
+  /** The question without its id, so the same question asked twice can be recognised. */
+  readonly question: string;
+  readonly promise: Promise<RoutingResponse>;
+  readonly resolve: (response: RoutingResponse) => void;
+  readonly reject: (error: Error) => void;
+}
+
+function outstanding(request: RoutingRequest): Outstanding {
+  let resolve!: (response: RoutingResponse) => void;
+  let reject!: (error: Error) => void;
+  const promise = new Promise<RoutingResponse>((onResolve, onReject) => {
+    resolve = onResolve;
+    reject = onReject;
+  });
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
+  const { requestId, ...question } = request;
+  return { request, question: JSON.stringify(question), promise, resolve, reject };
+}
+
+/** The routing worker, where this environment has one. */
+function startRoutingWorker(): Worker | undefined {
+  return typeof Worker === 'undefined' ? undefined : new Worker(new URL('../../shared/astro/routing.worker', import.meta.url), { type: 'module' });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Asks the route questions of a worker holding its own copy of the catalogue, and hands back
+ * promises.
+ *
+ * The worker answers one request at a time and cannot drop one it has started: a jump-link graph
+ * at 8 pc is seconds of work. So requests are held here and sent one by one, and while one is out,
+ * only the latest of each kind waits behind it — a newer graph replaces an older one before it is
+ * ever built, and the older promise is rejected with {@link SupersededRequest}. Routes go ahead of
+ * graphs, being quick and asked for by a click. The same question asked again while it is still
+ * outstanding shares the answer rather than being worked out twice.
+ *
+ * Where there is no worker — the unit tests' DOM has none, and a worker can fail to load or crash —
+ * the same answers are worked out in place, from the index the scene already holds.
+ */
+export class RoutingClient {
+  private worker?: Worker;
+  private inFlight?: Outstanding;
+  private readonly waiting: Partial<Record<RoutingRequest['kind'], Outstanding>> = {};
+  private nextRequestId = 0;
+
+  constructor(
+    stars: readonly StarRecord[],
+    positions: Float32Array,
+    private readonly localIndex: StarNeighbourhood,
+    startWorker: () => Worker | undefined = startRoutingWorker
+  ) {
+    this.worker = startWorker();
+    if (!this.worker) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.worker.addEventListener('message', ({ data }: MessageEvent<RoutingResponse>) => this.settle(data));
+    // A worker that fails to load, or dies, answers nothing further: everything outstanding, and
+    // everything asked from here on, is worked out in place instead of waiting for good.
+    this.worker.addEventListener('error', () => this.abandonWorker());
+    this.worker.addEventListener('messageerror', () => this.abandonWorker());
+    // Copies, since the scene goes on using its own; transferred, so the copy is sent and not cloned again.
+    const ids = Int32Array.from(stars, (star) => star.id);
+    const copy = positions.slice();
+    this.worker.postMessage({ kind: 'catalogue', ids, positions: copy }, [ids.buffer, copy.buffer]);
+  }
+
+  route(fromId: number, toId: number, rangePc: number, ceilingPc: number): Promise<RouteAnswer> {
+    return this.ask({ kind: 'route', requestId: this.nextRequestId++, fromId, toId, rangePc, ceilingPc }).then((response) =>
+      response.kind === 'route' ? { route: response.route, neededRangePc: response.neededRangePc } : { route: null, neededRangePc: null }
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Vertex pairs for every link within `rangePc`, three floats to an end. */
+  links(rangePc: number): Promise<Float32Array> {
+    return this.ask({ kind: 'links', requestId: this.nextRequestId++, rangePc }).then((response) =>
+      response.kind === 'links' ? response.segments : new Float32Array(0)
+    );
+  }
+
+  dispose(): void {
+    this.worker?.terminate();
+    this.worker = undefined;
+    this.inFlight = undefined;
+    delete this.waiting.route;
+    delete this.waiting.links;
+  }
+
+  private ask(request: RoutingRequest): Promise<RoutingResponse> {
+    if (!this.worker) {
+      return new Promise((resolve) => resolve(answerRouting(this.localIndex, request)));
+    }
+    const asked = outstanding(request);
+    const same = [this.inFlight, this.waiting[request.kind]].find((other) => other?.question === asked.question);
+    if (same) {
+      return same.promise;
+    }
+    this.waiting[request.kind]?.reject(new SupersededRequest());
+    this.waiting[request.kind] = asked;
+    this.sendNext();
+    return asked.promise;
+  }
+
+  private sendNext(): void {
+    if (this.inFlight || !this.worker) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const next = this.waiting.route ?? this.waiting.links;
+    if (!next) {
+      return;
+    }
+    delete this.waiting[next.request.kind];
+    this.inFlight = next;
+    this.worker.postMessage(next.request);
+  }
+
+  private settle(response: RoutingResponse): void {
+    const answered = this.inFlight;
+    if (!answered || answered.request.requestId !== response.requestId) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.inFlight = undefined;
+    if (response.kind === 'failed') {
+      answered.reject(new Error(response.message));
+    } else {
+      answered.resolve(response);
+    }
+    this.sendNext();
+  }
+
+  private abandonWorker(): void {
+    this.worker?.terminate();
+    this.worker = undefined;
+    const stranded = [this.inFlight, this.waiting.route, this.waiting.links];
+    this.inFlight = undefined;
+    delete this.waiting.route;
+    delete this.waiting.links;
+    for (const request of stranded) {
+      if (!request) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      try {
+        request.resolve(answerRouting(this.localIndex, request.request));
+      } catch (error) {
+        request.reject(error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

src/app/features/hud/hud-dock.component.ts

@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ function isWideViewport(): boolean {
             <section id="dock-panel-routes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="dock-tab-routes" class="hud-acquire hud-brackets hud-surface pointer-events-auto mb-2 w-full max-w-xl px-4 py-3">
               <app-routes-panel
                 [result]="routeResult()"
+                [pending]="routePending()"
                 [options]="routeOptions()"
                 [currentStar]="currentStar()"
                 (queryChange)="routeQuery.emit($event)"
@@ -241,6 +242,7 @@ export class HudDockComponent implements OnInit {
   readonly defaultTab = input<DockTab | null>(null);
   /** Routing: what the scene found, what it offers for the fields, and where the view is. */
   readonly routeResult = input<RouteResult | null>(null);
+  readonly routePending = input(false);
   readonly routeOptions = input<readonly RouteStarOption[]>([]);
   readonly currentStar = input<RouteStarOption | null>(null);
   /** The star the readout is about, where there is one to keep — a scale is not a place. */

src/app/features/hud/routes-panel.component.ts

@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ type Field = 'from' | 'to';
       <div class="flex items-center gap-3">
         <button
           type="button"
-          [disabled]="!canPlot()"
+          [disabled]="!canPlot() || pending()"
           (click)="plot()"
           class="type-label border border-border/60 px-3 py-1.5 text-muted transition-colors enabled:hover:border-accent/70 enabled:hover:text-accent disabled:opacity-40 focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-accent"
         >
-          Plot route
+          {{ pending() ? 'Plotting…' : 'Plot route' }}
         </button>
         @if (result(); as plotted) {
           @if (plotted.stars.length) {
@@ -154,6 +154,8 @@ export class RoutesPanelComponent {
   readonly result = input<RouteResult | null>(null);
   /** Matches for the field currently being typed into, ranked by the scene. */
   readonly options = input<readonly RouteStarOption[]>([]);
+  /** The scene is still working the last request out; asking again would only queue behind it. */
+  readonly pending = input(false);
   /** The star the view is currently inside, offered as the departure without typing. */
   readonly currentStar = input<RouteStarOption | null>(null);
 

src/app/shared/astro/jump-links.spec.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
 
-import { collectJumpLinks, minimumRangeBetween, routeBetween } from './jump-links';
+import { jumpLinkSegments, minimumRangeBetween, routeBetween } from './jump-links';
 import { StarNeighbourhood, StarPoint } from './star-neighbourhood';
 
 /** Stars a parsec apart along x, so a chain's length is the number of hops it takes. */
@@ -153,25 +153,58 @@ describe('minimumRangeBetween', () => {
   });
 });
 
-describe('collectJumpLinks', () => {
+/**
-  it('reports each pair once, not once from either end', () => {
+ * The links a segment buffer draws, as unordered pairs of star ids, read back from where each end
-    const links = collectJumpLinks(chain(4), 1.5);
+ * sits. Positions are compared as the float32 the buffer holds.
+ */
+function linksDrawn(segments: Float32Array, points: readonly StarPoint[]): string[] {
+  const idAt = new Map(points.map((point) => [[point.x, point.y, point.z].map(Math.fround).join(), point.id]));
+  const links: string[] = [];
+  for (let at = 0; at < segments.length; at += 6) {
+    const a = idAt.get(Array.from(segments.subarray(at, at + 3)).join())!;
+    const b = idAt.get(Array.from(segments.subarray(at + 3, at + 6)).join())!;
+    links.push(a < b ? `${a}-${b}` : `${b}-${a}`);
+  }
+  return links;
+}
 
-    expect(links.map((link) => [link.from, link.to])).toEqual([
+/** Stars a parsec apart along x, as points, for reading a segment buffer back. */
-      [0, 1],
+function chainPoints(count: number): StarPoint[] {
-      [1, 2],
+  return Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => ({ id: i, x: i, y: 0, z: 0 }));
-      [2, 3]
+}
-    ]);
+
+describe('jumpLinkSegments', () => {
+  it('draws each pair once, not once from either end', () => {
+    const segments = jumpLinkSegments(chain(4), 1.5);
+
+    expect(linksDrawn(segments, chainPoints(4)).sort()).toEqual(['0-1', '1-2', '2-3']);
   });
 
-  it('measures every link it reports', () => {
+  it('puts both ends of every link where its stars are', () => {
-    const links = collectJumpLinks(chain(3), 2.5);
+    const segments = jumpLinkSegments(chain(3), 2.5);
 
-    expect(links.find((link) => link.from === 0 && link.to === 2)?.distancePc).toBeCloseTo(2);
+    expect(segments).toHaveLength(3 * 6);
+    expect(linksDrawn(segments, chainPoints(3)).sort()).toEqual(['0-1', '0-2', '1-2']);
   });
 
   it('draws nothing at no range', () => {
-    expect(collectJumpLinks(chain(4), 0)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(jumpLinkSegments(chain(4), 0)).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it('grows past its first buffer without losing a link', () => {
+    // 5 000 stars a tenth of a parsec apart, ten neighbours each way in range: some 50 000 links, far past
+    // the 4 096 the buffer starts with, so it has to grow several times.
+    const count = 5000;
+    const line = new StarNeighbourhood(Array.from({ length: count }, (_, i) => ({ id: i, x: i / 10, y: 0, z: 0 })));
+    // 1.05 rather than 1: the tenth neighbour sits at 1.0, which float steps of a tenth put either side of it.
+    const segments = jumpLinkSegments(line, 1.05);
+
+    let expected = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      expected += Math.min(10, count - 1 - i);
+    }
+    expect(segments.length / 6).toBe(expected);
+    expect(segments.buffer.byteLength).toBe(segments.byteLength);
   });
 
   it('agrees with every route it makes possible', () => {
@@ -185,8 +218,7 @@ describe('collectJumpLinks', () => {
     // earlier version of this test hid by only checking the route it happened to find.
     const range = 9;
 
-    const links = collectJumpLinks(cloud, range);
+    const drawn = new Set(linksDrawn(jumpLinkSegments(cloud, range), points));
-    const drawn = new Set(links.map((link) => `${link.from}-${link.to}`));
 
     const route = routeBetween(cloud, 0, 119, range);
     // Asserted, not guarded: a skipped body would let the two disagree unnoticed.
@@ -196,6 +228,6 @@ describe('collectJumpLinks', () => {
       const [a, b] = [route!.stars[i - 1], route!.stars[i]].sort((x, y) => x - y);
       expect(drawn.has(`${a}-${b}`)).toBe(true);
     }
-    expect(links.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(drawn.size).toBeGreaterThan(0);
   });
 });

src/app/shared/astro/jump-links.ts

@@ -29,13 +29,6 @@ export interface Route {
   readonly longestHopPc: number;
 }
 
-/** An unordered pair of stars within range of each other. */
-export interface JumpLink {
-  readonly from: number;
-  readonly to: number;
-  readonly distancePc: number;
-}
-
 /**
  * A cap on how much of the catalogue one search may walk. A search that hits it has already
  * visited more stars than any real chain passes through: the longest measured, Sol to HD 2626 at
@@ -221,17 +214,30 @@ export function minimumRangeBetween(index: StarNeighbourhood, fromId: number, to
 }
 
 /**
- * Every link within `rangePc` in the whole catalogue, each pair once.
+ * Every link within `rangePc` in the whole catalogue, each pair once, as vertex pairs ready to
+ * draw: six floats a link, one end then the other.
  *
- * For drawing the graph, which is the only thing that wants all of it: routing asks for a
+ * For drawing the graph, which is the only thing that wants all of it: routing asks for a star's
- * star's neighbours as it reaches that star and never builds this.
+ * neighbours as it reaches that star and never builds this. Written straight into floats rather
+ * than collected as link objects first, since at 8 pc there are 3.7 million links.
  */
-export function collectJumpLinks(index: StarNeighbourhood, rangePc: number): JumpLink[] {
+export function jumpLinkSegments(index: StarNeighbourhood, rangePc: number): Float32Array {
-  const links: JumpLink[] = [];
+  let vertices = new Float32Array(6 * 4096);
-  index.forEachPairWithin(rangePc, (a, b, distancePc) => {
+  let length = 0;
-    // The smaller id first, always. The grid hands pairs over in whatever order it walks its
+  index.forEachPairWithin(rangePc, (a, b) => {
-    // cells, and a link that is `3-7` here and `7-3` there is two links to anything comparing.
+    if (length + 6 > vertices.length) {
-    links.push(a.id < b.id ? { from: a.id, to: b.id, distancePc } : { from: b.id, to: a.id, distancePc });
+      const grown = new Float32Array(vertices.length * 2);
+      grown.set(vertices);
+      vertices = grown;
+    }
+    vertices[length++] = a.x;
+    vertices[length++] = a.y;
+    vertices[length++] = a.z;
+    vertices[length++] = b.x;
+    vertices[length++] = b.y;
+    vertices[length++] = b.z;
   });
-  return links;
+  // Exact length rather than a view on the grown buffer: the answer is transferred whole, and a
+  // view would carry up to as much again in unused capacity with it.
+  return vertices.slice(0, length);
 }

src/app/shared/astro/routing.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+import { jumpLinkSegments, minimumRangeBetween, routeBetween } from './jump-links';
+import { answerRouting, indexCatalogue } from './routing';
+import { StarNeighbourhood } from './star-neighbourhood';
+
+/** Stars a parsec apart along x, then a gap of 5 pc to one more. */
+const POINTS = [...Array.from({ length: 5 }, (_, i) => ({ id: 10 + i, x: i, y: 0, z: 0 })), { id: 99, x: 9, y: 0, z: 0 }];
+
+function catalogue() {
+  return {
+    kind: 'catalogue' as const,
+    ids: Int32Array.from(POINTS, (point) => point.id),
+    positions: Float32Array.from(POINTS.flatMap((point) => [point.x, point.y, point.z]))
+  };
+}
+
+describe('indexCatalogue', () => {
+  it('indexes the catalogue as it was packed, id by id', () => {
+    const index = indexCatalogue(catalogue());
+
+    for (const point of POINTS) {
+      expect(index.point(point.id)).toEqual(point);
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+describe('answerRouting', () => {
+  const index = indexCatalogue(catalogue());
+  const direct = new StarNeighbourhood(POINTS);
+
+  it('answers a route the range allows, with nothing to raise it to', () => {
+    const answer = answerRouting(index, { kind: 'route', requestId: 7, fromId: 10, toId: 14, rangePc: 1.5, ceilingPc: 8 });
+
+    expect(answer).toEqual({ kind: 'route', requestId: 7, route: routeBetween(direct, 10, 14, 1.5), neededRangePc: null });
+  });
+
+  it('answers a route the range does not allow with the range that would', () => {
+    const answer = answerRouting(index, { kind: 'route', requestId: 8, fromId: 10, toId: 99, rangePc: 1.5, ceilingPc: 8 });
+
+    expect(answer).toEqual({ kind: 'route', requestId: 8, route: null, neededRangePc: minimumRangeBetween(direct, 10, 99, 8) });
+    expect(answer.kind === 'route' && answer.neededRangePc).toBeCloseTo(5, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('offers nothing to raise to when even the ceiling does not reach', () => {
+    const answer = answerRouting(index, { kind: 'route', requestId: 9, fromId: 10, toId: 99, rangePc: 1.5, ceilingPc: 3 });
+
+    expect(answer).toMatchObject({ route: null, neededRangePc: null });
+  });
+
+  it('answers the graph as the segments it draws', () => {
+    const answer = answerRouting(index, { kind: 'links', requestId: 3, rangePc: 1.5 });
+
+    expect(answer.kind).toBe('links');
+    expect(answer.requestId).toBe(3);
+    expect(answer.kind === 'links' && Array.from(answer.segments)).toEqual(Array.from(jumpLinkSegments(direct, 1.5)));
+  });
+});

src/app/shared/astro/routing.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/**
+ * The route questions the map asks of the whole catalogue, as messages: what a worker is sent,
+ * what it sends back, and the one function that turns the first into the second.
+ *
+ * Kept apart from the worker itself so it runs the same on either side of the thread boundary.
+ * The scene asks through `RoutingClient`, which hands these to a Web Worker where one exists and
+ * answers them in place where one does not.
+ */
+
+import { jumpLinkSegments, minimumRangeBetween, Route, routeBetween } from './jump-links';
+import { StarNeighbourhood } from './star-neighbourhood';
+
+/** The catalogue, sent once: ids, and positions packed three to a star in the same order. */
+export interface RoutingCatalogue {
+  readonly kind: 'catalogue';
+  readonly ids: Int32Array;
+  readonly positions: Float32Array;
+}
+
+export type RoutingRequest =
+  | { readonly kind: 'route'; readonly requestId: number; readonly fromId: number; readonly toId: number; readonly rangePc: number; readonly ceilingPc: number }
+  | { readonly kind: 'links'; readonly requestId: number; readonly rangePc: number };
+
+export type RoutingResponse =
+  | { readonly kind: 'route'; readonly requestId: number; readonly route: Route | null; readonly neededRangePc: number | null }
+  | { readonly kind: 'links'; readonly requestId: number; readonly segments: Float32Array }
+  /** The question threw in the worker. Sent back so the request settles instead of waiting for good. */
+  | { readonly kind: 'failed'; readonly requestId: number; readonly message: string };
+
+/** A spatial index over a catalogue sent as a {@link RoutingCatalogue}. */
+export function indexCatalogue({ ids, positions }: RoutingCatalogue): StarNeighbourhood {
+  return new StarNeighbourhood(Array.from(ids, (id, i) => ({ id, x: positions[i * 3], y: positions[i * 3 + 1], z: positions[i * 3 + 2] })));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Answers one request. A route that cannot be made comes back with the range that would make
+ * one, searched no wider than `ceilingPc`, so a refusal is always also an offer.
+ */
+export function answerRouting(index: StarNeighbourhood, request: RoutingRequest): RoutingResponse {
+  if (request.kind === 'links') {
+    return { kind: 'links', requestId: request.requestId, segments: jumpLinkSegments(index, request.rangePc) };
+  }
+  const route = routeBetween(index, request.fromId, request.toId, request.rangePc);
+  return {
+    kind: 'route',
+    requestId: request.requestId,
+    route,
+    neededRangePc: route ? null : minimumRangeBetween(index, request.fromId, request.toId, request.ceilingPc)
+  };
+}

src/app/shared/astro/routing.worker.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/// <reference lib="webworker" />
+
+import { answerRouting, indexCatalogue, RoutingCatalogue, RoutingRequest } from './routing';
+import { StarNeighbourhood } from './star-neighbourhood';
+
+/**
+ * Walks routes and builds the jump-link graph off the main thread. A search to a star 236 pc
+ * away, and the range it would need when there is none, can take seconds; a graph at 8 pc is
+ * 3.7 million links. On the page's own thread either stops the map for as long as it runs.
+ */
+let index: StarNeighbourhood | undefined;
+
+addEventListener('message', ({ data }: MessageEvent<RoutingCatalogue | RoutingRequest>) => {
+  if (data.kind === 'catalogue') {
+    index = indexCatalogue(data);
+    return;
+  }
+  // The catalogue is always the first message, and a worker's messages arrive in order.
+  try {
+    const response = answerRouting(index!, data);
+    postMessage(response, response.kind === 'links' ? [response.segments.buffer] : []);
+  } catch (error) {
+    postMessage({ kind: 'failed', requestId: data.requestId, message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error) });
+  }
+});

tsconfig.app.json

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
     "src/**/*.ts"
   ],
   "exclude": [
-    "src/**/*.spec.ts"
+    "src/**/*.spec.ts",
+    "src/**/*.worker.ts"
   ]
 }

tsconfig.json

@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@
     },
     {
       "path": "./tsconfig.spec.json"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "./tsconfig.worker.json"
     }
   ]
 }

tsconfig.worker.json

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/* To learn more about Typescript configuration file: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/tsconfig-json.html. */
+/* To learn more about Angular compiler options: https://angular.dev/reference/configs/angular-compiler-options. */
+{
+  "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "outDir": "./out-tsc/worker",
+    "lib": ["es2022", "webworker"],
+    "types": []
+  },
+  "include": [
+    "src/**/*.worker.ts"
+  ]
+}